Evaluación de la confiabilidad y validez de constructo de la Escala de Calidad de Vida en Salud SF-12 en población chilena (ENCAVI 2015-6)

Background: Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is understood as a multidimensional variable, mostly measured using the SF-12 questionnaire. However, this measurement doesn't always replicate the factorial structure theoretically expected, hindering potential conclusions. Aim: To assess the reliability and validity of SF-12 questionnaire in a representative sample of Chilean participants. Material and Methods: Information was obtained from the National Quality of Life Survey performed in Chile during 2015-16. During the survey, SF-12 was answered by 7041 participants older than 15 years, with a median age of 47 years (63% women). Results: SF-12 has reliability, but it does not have construct validity. The analysis suggests that there is a factorial structure that resembles theory, only when factors and items are related. Conclusions: The practical importance of these results highlight the need to measure HRQoL using more extensive scales.

Escala de autoeficacia general: reevaluación de su evidencia de confiabilidad y validez en Chile

Background: Self-efficacy is a psychological variable closely related to healthy behaviors. One of the most widely used instruments to measure this variable is the general self-efficacy scale (GSES). In Chile, the only psychometric study of this scale has important analytical limitations. Aim: To assess reliability and validity of GSES in a large Chilean sample. Material and Methods: The GSES and a self-esteem scale were applied to 2995 participants aged 11 to 76 years (60% women). Results: The scale showed optimal levels of homogeneity and internal consistency. The exploratory factor analysis and the parallel analysis suggested a one-dimensional internal structure. However, this model showed a mediocre fit in the confirmatory factor analysis due to the residual correlation between a pair of items with high semantic similarity. A one-dimensional model specifying this residual correlation attained an acceptable fit in a new confirmatory factor analysis. The new model reached strict invariance according to sex, and partial strict invariance according to age. The latent factor of the GSES showed a positive association with the latent factor of a self-esteem scale. Conclusions: The GSES is an adequate scale to measure general self-efficacy in the Chilean population and allows unbiased comparisons based on sex or age.

Evaluación de un modelo de calidad de vida construido desde los datos / Evaluation of a conceptual quality of life model built from data / Avaliação de um modelo de qualidade de vida construído a partir dos dados

La calidad de vida (CV) es un concepto utilizado por diferentes disciplinas. Sin embargo, existen diversas definiciones del mismo, lo que puede llevar a problemas teóricos y aplicados. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar un modelo de calidad de vida construido desde los datos. En este trabajo se argumenta que una manera de atender a esta variedad es evaluar un modelo de CV que surja a partir de la aplicación simultánea de instrumentos tradicionalmente vinculados a este constructo. Por ello, se realizaron diferentes análisis factoriales para identificar un factor común a los ítems y factores específicos en caso de ser necesario. Se presentan los resultados de dos estudios: el primero (n=550) midió diferentes aspectos objetivos y subjetivos relacionados a CV. Los datos generados llevaron a un modelo de seis factores de primer orden y uno de segundo orden, con adecuados indicadores de confiabilidad y validez. Este modelo se basa en variables relativas a los aspectos subjetivos de la CV. El segundo estudio (n=304) revela que la estructura planteada en el primer estudio muestra adecuados indicadores aun comparándola con otros modelos que incluyen dimensiones complementarias. Se discuten los resultados en función de su aporte a la investigación en CV, a la definición conceptual del constructo y a su efecto en la intervención social.

Quality of Life (QL) is a concept used by different disciplines. However, there is a variety of definitions of QL, which might lead to theoretical and applied problems. The present work argues that a way to attend to this problem is by assessing a model of quality of life that arises from the simultaneous application of instruments traditionally associated with this construct. To evaluate this idea, several factorial analysis were conducted in order to identify a common factor, and specific dimensions in case it was needed. The first study (n=550) measured objective and subjective aspects related to QL. The resulting data generated a model with six first order factors and one second order dimension, with appropriate indicators of reliability and validity. This model is based on variables related to the subjective aspects of QL. A second study (n=304) indicates that the aforementioned structure shows good psychometric indicators, even in comparison with other models that include complementary dimensions. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to research in quality of life, the conceptual definition of the construct and its effect on social intervention.

Creencias y conductas ambientales, liberalismo económico y felicidad / Environmental beliefs and behavior, economic liberalism and happiness / Crenças e condutas ambientais, liberalismo econômico e felicidade

Se identifican y analizan las creencias ambientales agrupadas bajo los términos 'nuevo paradigma ambiental’ (NPE, Dunlap, Van Liere, Merting& Jones, 2000) respecto de la conducta ambiental, el liberalismo económico, la religiosidad y la felicidad en la población joven -urbana y rural- de una región del valle central de Chile. Una muestra de 409 participantes de 33 años de edad promedio respondió una batería de instrumentos constituida por el NEP-R que mide creencias acerca de la relación entre el hombre y la naturaleza por medio de dos dimensiones: antropocentrismo y ecocentrismo; la Escala de Conducta Ecológica (ECE); la Escala de Liberalismo Económico (ELE), y la de Felicidad Subjetiva (EFS). La procedencia urbana o rural no tiene efectos sobre ninguna de las variables evaluadas. Las creencias generales a favor del medio ambiente están relacionadas positivamente con la conducta ecológica (o pro-ambiental) y la felicidad subjetiva, no así con el liberalismo económico (rs(409) ≥0,138; ps≤ 0,041). Este último está correlacionado sólo con los aspectos de las creencias asociados al pensamiento anti-antropocéntrico (r(409)= 0,192; p= 0,004) de modo que quienes tienen un pensamiento económicamente más liberal no creen en la supremacía del hombre sobre la naturaleza. Quienes se adscriben a alguna religión tienen más creencias ecocéntricas que quienes no, sin observarse diferencias etarias ni sexuales para otras variables. Se plantean preguntas e implicaciones y se debate acerca de éstos y otros resultados.

We identified and analyzed environmental beliefs grouped under the terms 'new environmental paradigm’ (NEP, Dunlap, Van Liere, Mertingen and Jones, 2000) about the environmental behavior, economic liberalism, religiosity and happiness in young people from a central valley region of Chile. A sample of 409 participants, with average of 33 years answered a battery of instruments consisting of the NEP-R which measures beliefs about the relationship between man and nature by two-dimensional-centrism and anthropocentrism, Ecological Behavior Scale (EBS), Economic Liberalism Scale (ELS) and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). The rural or urban origin has no effect on any variables measured. The general beliefs in favor of the environment are positively related to ecological behavior (pro-environmental behavior) and subjective happiness, but not with economic liberalism (rs(409) ≥ 0.138, ps ≤ 0.041). The economic liberalism is correlated only with the beliefs about the anti-anthropocentric thinking (r(409) = 0.192, p = 0.004) so that those who are most economically liberal do not believe in the supremacy of man over nature. Those who subscribe to any religion have more ecocentric beliefs than who do not have, without sex or age differences were observed for other variables. Questions are raised and debate about these and other results.

Identificam-se e analisam-se as crenças ambientais agrupadas sob os termos 'novo paradigma ambiental’ (NPE, Dunlap, Van Liere, Merting& Jones, 2000) sobre a conduta ambiental, o liberalismo econômico, a religiosidade e a felicidade na população jovem -urbana e rural- de uma região do vale central do Chile. Uma mostra de 409 participantes de 33 anos de idade média respondeu uma bateria de instrumentos constituída pelo NEP-R que mede crenças sobre a relação entre o homem e a natureza por meio de duas dimensões: antropocentrismo e ecocentrismo; a Escala de Conduta Ecológica (ECE); a Escala de Liberalismo Econômico (ELE), e a de Felicidade Subjetiva (EFS). A procedência urbana ou rural não tem efeitos sobre nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas. As crenças gerais a favor do medioambiente estão relacionadas positivamente com a conduta ecológica (ou pró-ambiental) e a felicidade subjetiva, não assim com o liberalismo econômico (rs(409) ≥0,138; ps≤ 0,041). Este último está correlacionado só com os aspectos das crenças associados ao pensamento anti-antropocêntrico (r(409)= 0,192; p= 0,004) de modo que quem tem um pensamento economicamente mais liberal não acreditam na supremacia do homem sobre a natureza. As pessoas que estão vinculadas a alguma religião tem mais crenças ecocéntricas que os que não, sem observarem-se diferenças etárias nem sexuais para outras variáveis. São propostas perguntas e implicações e se debate sobre estes e outros resultados.